Programming For Life

摘要：对于这个系列里的问题，每个学Java的人都应该搞懂。当然，如果只是学Java玩玩就无所谓了。如果你认为自己已经超越初学者了，却不很懂这些问题，请将你自己重归初学者行列。内容均来自于CSDN的经典老贴。　查看全文

摘要：或许有人觉得struts不容易学，似乎里面的一些概念让未接触过的人迷惑，MVC1、MVC2、模式……我写这篇文章是想让从来没有接触过struts的人，能有个简单的入门指引，当然，系统地学习struts是必要的，里面有很多让人心醉的东东，那是后话了。 该案例包括首页，用户登陆、网站向导页面。就这么简单，没有深奥的struts概念，主要靠动手，然后用心体会。　查看全文

摘要：本文档提供关于Tomcat的基础信息.主要内容如下: Tomcat二进制版本安装 与Tomcat相关的脚本的主要内容 与server.xml相关的主要内容,Tomcat的主要配置文件 如何设置Tomcat与宿主web服务器一起工作的说明 如何应用Tomcat配置一个现实中的web站点 希望此文档足以使新用户可以开始使用Tomcat.如找不到某方面的内容请(按以下顺序) 查找Tomcat faq 查找Tomcat包清单 向Tomcat用户邮件列表发出问题 如此疑问的答案不存在,我们鼓励把对疑问的解答放入Tomcat faq或此文档.如对此文档有意见或建议,请发送到Tomcat的邮件列表.　查看全文

摘要：Maven虽然比ANT复杂一些，但是初步研究了一下，确实是功能很强大的。　查看全文

摘要：选这个的原因是因为最近用MAC， 其实和WINDOWS挺不一样的。要多学习SCRIPT。　查看全文

摘要：这里其实只有一两个比较想记的。现在整天用MAC， 觉得特别不舒服。也不是难用，就是用WINDOWS 太习惯了。　查看全文

这里实在太慢了，经常是很久都上不来。所以换了一个地方 wiki's notes, 欢迎继续交流：）

非常经典！

Ten Must-Have Tools Every Developer Should Download Now

James Avery

This article discusses:

    * NUnit to write unit tests
    * NDoc to create code documentation
    * NAnt to build your solutions
    * CodeSmith to generate code
    * FxCop to police your code
    * Snippet Compiler to compile small bits of code
    * Two different switcher tools, the ASP.NET Version Switcher and the Visual Studio .NET Project Converter
    * Regulator to build regular expressions
    * .NET Reflector to examine assemblies

This article uses the following technologies:
.NET, C# or Visual Basic .NET, Visual Studio .NET

ou cannot expect to build a first-class application unless you use the best available tools. Besides well-known tools such as Visual Studio® .NET, there are a multitude of small, lesser-known tools available from the .NET community. In this article, I'm going to introduce you to some of the best free tools available today that target .NET development. I'll walk you through a quick tutorial of how to use each of them, some of which will save you a minute here and there, while others may completely change the way that you write code. Because I am squeezing so many different tools into this single article, I will not be able to cover each of them extensively, but you should learn enough about each to decide which tools are useful for your projects.

Snippet Compiler

The Snippet Compiler is a small Windows®-based application that allows you to write, compile, and run code. This tool is useful if you have small pieces of code for which you don't want to create an entire Visual Studio .NET project (along with all the files that come with it).

As an example, let's say that I wanted to show you how to launch another application from the Microsoft® .NET Framework. In the Snippet Compiler I would start by creating a new file which creates a small console application. The snippet can be created inside the Main method of the console application, which is what I will do here. The following code snippet demonstrates how to create an instance of Notepad from the .NET Framework:

System.Diagnostics.Process proc = new System.Diagnostics.Process();
proc.StartInfo.FileName= "notepad.exe";
proc.Start();
proc.WaitForExit();

Of course this snippet would not compile by itself, but that is where Snippet Compiler comes into play. Figure 1 shows this code sample in Snippet Compiler.

To test this snippet, just press the play button (green triangle), and it will run in debug mode. The snippet will generate a console application popup, and Notepad will appear. When you close Notepad, the console application will close as well.

Personally, I have found Snippet Compiler to be invaluable when trying to create a small example for someone who has asked me for help, when normally I would have to create a project, make sure everything compiles, send them the code snippet, and then delete the project. Snippet Compiler makes this process much easier and much more pleasant.

Snippet Compiler was written by Jeff Key and can be downloaded from http://www.sliver.com/dotnet/SnippetCompiler.

Regulator

Regulator is the most recent addition to my top tools list. It is a full-featured tool that makes it easy to build and test regular expressions. There is a renewed interest in regular expressions because of the excellent support for them in the .NET Framework. Regular expressions are used to define patterns in strings based on characters, frequency, and character order. They are most commonly used as a means to validate user input or as a way to find a string of characters inside a larger string—for instance, when looking for a URL or e-mail address on a Web page.

Regulator allows you to enter a regular expression and some input against which you would be running this expression. This way you can see how the regular expression will act and what kind of matches it will return before implementing it in your application. Figure 2 shows Regulator with a simple regular expression.

The document contains the regular expression, in this example it is [0-9]* which should match any number of digits in a row. The box in the bottom-right contains the input for this regular expression, and the box on the bottom-left shows the matches that this regular expression finds in the input. The ability to write and test regular expressions in a separate application like this is much easier than trying to work with them in your app.

One of the best features in Regulator is the ability to search the online regular expressions library at regexlib.com. For example, if you enter the string "phone" in the search box, you will find more than 20 different regular expressions that will match various phone numbers, including expressions for UK, Australian, and many other phone numbers.

Regulator was written by Roy Osherove and can be downloaded at http://regex.osherove.com.

CodeSmith

CodeSmith is a template-based code-generation tool that uses a syntax similar to ASP.NET to generate any type of code or text. Unlike many other code-generation tools, CodeSmith does not require you to subscribe to a particular application design or architecture. Using CodeSmith, you can generate anything from a simple, strongly typed collection to an entire application.

When you are building an application, you will often find yourself repeating certain tasks, whether it's writing data access code or building custom collections. CodeSmith is particularly useful at such times because you can write templates to automate those tasks and not only improve your productivity but also automate the tasks that are the most tedious to perform.

CodeSmith ships with a number of templates, including ones for all the .NET collection types as well as ones to generate stored procedures, but the real power of this tool comes from being able to create custom templates. To get you started, I'll provide a quick introduction to building a custom template.

Building a Custom Template

CodeSmith templates are simply text files which you can create in any text editor. Their only requirement is that they be saved with the .cst file extension. The sample template that I'm going to build will accept a string and then build a class based on that string. The first step to creating a template is to add the template header, which declares the language of the template, the target language, and a brief description of the template:

<%@ CodeTemplate Language="C#"   
   TargetLanguage="C#"
   Description="Car Template" %>

The next part of the template is the property declarations, where you declare the properties that will be specified each time the template is run. With this template, the single property that I'm going to use is just a string, so the property declaration looks like this:

<%@ Property Name="ClassName" Type="String" Category="Context"
    Description="Class Name" %>

This property declaration will make the ClassName property appear in the CodeSmith property window so that it can be specified when the template is run. The next step is to actually build the body of the template, which is very similar to coding with ASP.NET. You can see the body of the template in Figure 3. [Editor's Update - 6/16/2004: The code in Figure 3 has been updated to be safe for multithreaded operations.]

As you can see, the template will take the string input and generate a singleton class using that class name. In the template body, the same opening and closing tags are used as in ASP.NET. In this template, I am simply inserting the property value, but you can also use any type of .NET code inside these tags. Once the template is complete, you load it into CodeSmith by either double-clicking or opening it from the CodeSmith application. Figure 4 shows this template loaded into CodeSmith.

You can see that the property on the left is the one I declared in the template. If I enter "SingletonClass" as the class name and click the Generate button, the class shown in the bottom part of Figure 3 will be generated.

CodeSmith is relatively easy to use and can produce some incredible results if applied correctly. One of the most common sections of an application that is targeted for code generation is the data access layer. CodeSmith includes a special assembly called the SchemaExplorer which can be used to generate templates from tables, stored procedures, or almost any other SQL Server™ object.

CodeSmith was written by Eric J. Smith and is available for download at http://www.ericjsmith.net/codesmith.

NUnit

NUnit is an open source unit testing framework built for the .NET Framework. NUnit allows you to write tests in the language of your choice to test a specific function of your application. Unit tests are an excellent way to test the functionality of your code when you first write it, and also to provide a method for regression testing of your application. The NUnit application provides a framework for writing unit tests, as well as a graphical interface to run these tests and view the results.

Writing an NUnit Test

As an example, I'm going to test the functionality of the Hashtable class in the .NET Framework to determine if two objects can be added and then retrieved. My first step will be to add a reference to the NUnit.Framework assembly, which will give me access to the attributes and methods of the NUnit framework. Next I'll create a class and mark it with the TestFixture attribute. This attribute lets NUnit know that this class contains NUnit tests:

using System;
using System.Collections;
using NUnit.Framework;

namespace NUnitExample
{
    [TestFixture]
    public class HashtableTest {
        public HashtableTest() {
           
        }
    }
}

Next I'll create a method and mark it with the [Test] attribute so that NUnit knows that this method is a test. Then I'll set up a Hashtable and add two values to it, then use the Assert.AreEqual method to see if I can retrieve the same values that I added to the Hashtable, as shown in the following:

[Test]
public void HashtableAddTest()
{
    Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();
           
    ht.Add("Key1", "Value1");
    ht.Add("Key2", "Value2");

    Assert.AreEqual("Value1", ht["Key1"], "Wrong object returned!");
    Assert.AreEqual("Value2", ht["Key2"], "Wrong object returned!");
}

This will confirm that I can add and then retrieve values from the Hashtable—a simple test, but one that showcases the capabilities of NUnit. There are a number of test types, as well as various Assert methods, that can be used to test every part of your code.

To run this test, I'll need to build the project, open the generated assembly in the NUnit application, and then click the Run button. Figure 5 shows the results. I get a warm and fuzzy feeling when I see that big green bar because it lets me know that the test passed. This simple example shows how easy and powerful NUnit and unit testing can be. Being able to write a unit test that can be saved and rerun whenever you change code not only makes it easier for you to detect defects in your code, but the result is that you can deliver better applications.

NUnit is an open-source project that is available for download from http://www.nunit.org. There is also an excellent NUnit Visual Studio .NET add-in which allows you to run unit tests directly from Visual Studio. This can be found at http://sourceforge.net/projects/nunitaddin. For more information on NUnit and its place in test-driven development, see the article "Test-Driven C#: Improve the Design and Flexibility of Your Project with Extreme Programming Techniques" in the April 2004 issue of MSDN® Magazine.

FxCop

The .NET Framework is very powerful, which means there is great potential to create excellent applications, but there is equal opportunity to create poor programs. FxCop is one of the tools that can be used to help create better applications by enabling you to examine an assembly and check it for compliance using a number of different rules. FxCop comes with a set number of rules created by Microsoft, but you can also create and include your own rules. For instance, if you decided that all classes should have a default constructor that takes no arguments, you could write a rule that checks for a constructor on each class of an assembly. This way, no matter who writes the code, you will have a certain level of consistency. If you want more information on creating custom rules, see John Robbins' Bugslayer column on the subject in the June 2004 issue of MSDN Magazine.

So let's take a look at FxCop in action and see what it finds wrong with the NUnitExample assembly that I have been working with. When you open FxCop you first need to create an FxCop project and then add to it the assembly that you want to test. Once the assembly is added to the project, you can press Analyze, and FxCop will examine the assembly. The errors and warning found in this assembly are shown in Figure 6.

FxCop found a couple of problems with my assembly. You can double-click on an error to see the details, including a description of the rule and where you can find more information. (Something you can do for fun is run FxCop on the Framework assemblies and see what turns up.)

FxCop can help you create better, more consistent code, but it cannot make up for poor application design or just plain poor programming. FxCop is also not a replacement for peer code review, but because it can catch a lot of errors before code review, more time can be spent on serious issues rather than having to worry about naming conventions.

FxCop was developed by Microsoft and is available for download from http://www.gotdotnet.com/team/fxcop.

Lutz Roeder's .NET Reflector

The next essential tool is called .NET Reflector, which is a class browser and decompiler that can examine an assembly and show you just about all of its secrets. The .NET Framework introduced reflection which can be used to examine any .NET-based code, whether it is a single class or an entire assembly. Reflection can also be used to retrieve information about the various classes, methods, and properties included in a particular assembly. Using .NET Reflector, you can browse the classes and methods of an assembly, you can examine the Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) generated by these classes and methods, and you can decompile the classes and methods and see the equivalent in C# or Visual Basic® .NET.

To demonstrate the workings of .NET Reflector, I am going to load and examine the NUnitExample assembly already shown. Figure 7 shows this assembly loaded in .NET Reflector.

Inside of .NET Reflector there are various tools that you can use to examine this assembly further. To view the MSIL that makes up a method, click on the method and select Disassembler from the menu.

In addition to being able to view the MSIL, you can also view the method as C# by selecting Decompiler under the Tools menu. You could also view this method decompiled to Visual Basic .NET or Delphi by changing your selection under the Languages menu. Here is the code that .NET Reflector generated:

public void HashtableAddTest()
{
    Hashtable hashtable1;
    hashtable1 = new Hashtable();
    hashtable1.Add("Key1", "Value1");
    hashtable1.Add("Key2", "Value2");
    Assert.AreEqual("Value1", hashtable1["Key1"],
       "Wrong object returned!");
    Assert.AreEqual("Value2", hashtable1["Key2"],
       "Wrong object returned!");
}

The previous code looks very much like the code I actually wrote for this method. Here is the actual code from this assembly:

public void HashtableAddTest()
{
    Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();
           
    ht.Add("Key1", "Value1");
    ht.Add("Key2", "Value2");

    Assert.AreEqual("Value1", ht["Key1"],
        "Wrong object returned!");
    Assert.AreEqual("Value2", ht["Key2"],
        "Wrong object returned!");
}

Although there are some minor differences with the code, they are functionally identical.

While this example was a good way to show actual code versus decompiled code, it does not represent what I consider to be the best use of .NET Reflector, which is to examine .NET Framework assemblies and methods. The .NET Framework offers many different ways to perform similar operations. For example, if you need to read a set of data from XML, there are a variety of different ways to do this using XmlDocument, XPathNavigator, or XmlReader. By using .NET Reflector, you can see what Microsoft used when writing the ReadXml method of the DataSet, or what they did when reading data from the configuration files. .NET Reflector is also an excellent way to see the best practices for creating objects like HttpHandlers or configuration handlers because you get to see how the team at Microsoft actually built those objects in the Framework.

.NET Reflector was written by Lutz Roeder and can be downloaded from http://www.aisto.com/roeder/dotnet.

NDoc

Code documentation is almost always a dreaded task. I am not talking about the early design documents, or even the more detailed design documents; I am talking about documenting individual methods and properties on classes. The NDoc tool will automatically generate documentation for your code using reflection to examine the assembly and using the XML generated from your C# XML comments. XML comments are only available for C#, but there is a Visual Studio .NET Power Toy called VBCommenter which will do something similar for Visual Basic .NET. In addition, the next release of Visual Studio will support XML comments for more languages.

With NDoc you are technically still documenting your code, but you are documenting as you write it (in the XML comments), which is much easier to swallow. The first step when using NDoc is to turn on XML comments generation for your assembly. Right-click the project and select Properties | Configuration Properties | Build, then enter a path in which to save the XML file in the XML Documentation File option. When the project is built, an XML file will be created with all of the XML comments included. Here is a look at a method from the NUnit example documented with XML:

/// <summary>
/// This test adds a number of values to the Hashtable collection
/// and then retrieves those values and checks if they match.
/// </summary>
[Test]
public void HashtableAddTest()
{
    //Method Body Here
}

The XML documentation on this method will be extracted and saved in the XML file, shown here:

<member name="M:NUnitExample.HashtableTest.HashtableAddTest">
  <summary>This test adds a number of values to the Hashtable collection
    and then retrieves those values and checks if they match.</summary>
</member>

NDoc uses reflection to look at your assembly, then reads the XML in this document, and matches them up. NDoc uses this data to create any number of different documentation formats, including HTML help files (CHMs). After generating the XML file, the next step is to load the assembly and the XML file into NDoc so they can be processed. This is done simply by opening NDoc and clicking the Add button.

Once the assembly and XML file are loaded into NDoc and after you customize the output using the range of properties available, clicking on the Generate button will start the process of generating the documentation. Using the default properties, NDoc generates some very attractive and functional .html and .chm files, thereby automating in a quick and efficient manner what would otherwise be a tedious task.

NDoc is an open source project and can be downloaded from http://ndoc.sourceforge.net.

NAnt

NAnt is a .NET-based build tool that, unlike the current version of Visual Studio .NET, makes it easy to create a build process for your project. When you have a large number of developers working on a single project, you can't rely on the build from a single user's box. You also do not want to have to build the project manually on a regular basis. Instead, you create an automated build process that runs every night. NAnt allows you to build your solution, copy files, run NUnit tests, send e-mail, and much more. Unfortunately, NAnt is lacking a nice looking graphical interface, but it does have a console application and XML files that specify which tasks should be completed during the build process. Note that MSBuild, the new build platform that's part of Visual Studio 2005, provides for very robust build scenarios and is similarly driven by XML-based project files.

NAnt in Action

In this example I am going to create an NAnt build file for the NUnitExample solution that I created earlier. First I need to create an XML file with the .build extension, place it in the root of my project, and then add an XML declaration to the top of the file. The first tag I need to add to the file is the project tag:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<project name="NUnit Example" default="build" basedir=".">
    <description>The NUnit Example Project</description>
</project>

The project tag is also used to set the name of the project, the default target, and the base directory. The description tag is used to set a brief description of this project.

Next, I'll add the property tag, which can be used to store a setting in a single location that can then be accessed from anywhere in the file. In this case, I am going to create a property called debug, which I can then set to true or false, reflecting whether or not I want the project to be compiled in the debug configuration. (In the end, this particular property does not actually affect how the project will be built; it is simply a variable that you set and which will be read from later when you are actually determining how to build the project.)

Next, I need to create a target tag. A project can contain multiple targets which can be specified when NAnt is run. If no target is specified, the default is used, which I set in the project element. In this example, the default target is build. Let's take a look at the target element, which will contain the majority of the build info:

<target name="build" description="compiles the source code">
</target>

Inside the target element, I am going to set the name of the target to build and create a description of what this target will do. I'll also create a csc element, which is used to specify what should be passed to the csc C# compiler. Let's take a look at the csc element:

<csc target="library" output=".\bin\debug\NUnitExample.dll"
    debug="${debug}">
<references>
    <includes name="C:\program files\NUnit V2.1\bin\NUnit.Framework.dll"/>
</references>
    <sources>
       <includes name="HashtableTest.cs"/>
    </sources>
</csc>

First, I have to set the target of the csc element. In this case I will be creating a .dll file so I set the target to library. Next, I have to set the output of the csc element, which is where the .dll file will be created. Finally, I need to set the debug property, which determines whether the project will be compiled in debug. Since I created a property earlier to store this value, I can use the following string to access the value of that property: ${debug}. The csc element also contains a number of sub-elements. I need to create two elements: the references element will tell NAnt which assemblies I need to reference for this project, and the sources element will tell NAnt which files to include in the build. In this example, I reference the NUnit.Framework.dll assembly and include the HashtableTest.cs file. The complete build file is shown in Figure 8. (You would normally also create a clean target that would be used to delete the generated files, but I have omitted it for the sake of brevity.)

To build this file I need to go to the root directory of my project, where the build file is located, and execute nant.exe from that location. If the build is successful, you can find the .dll and .pdb file in the bin directory of this application. While using NAnt is definitely not as easy as clicking Build in Visual Studio, it is a very powerful tool for developing a build process that runs on an automated schedule. NAnt also includes helpful features such as the ability to run unit tests or copy additional files (features that are not supported by the current Visual Studio build process).

NAnt is an open source project and can be downloaded from http://sourceforge.net/projects/nant.

Switch Tools

I have lumped together two separate tools under the heading Switch Tools. These two tools are rather simple, but can be extremely useful. The first is the ASP.NET Version Switcher, which can be used to switch the version of ASP.NET that a virtual directory is running under. The second tool is the Visual Studio Converter, which can be used to switch a project file from Visual Studio .NET 2002 to Visual Studio .NET 2003.

When IIS handles a request, it looks at the extension of the file that is being requested, and then based on the extension mappings for that Web site or virtual directory, it either delegates the request to an ISAPI extension or handles it itself. This is how ASP.NET works; extension mappings are registered for all of the ASP.NET extensions and directs them to the aspnet_isapi.dll. This works flawlessly until you install ASP.NET 1.1, which upgrades the extension mapping to the new version of aspnet_isapi.dll. This causes errors when an application built on ASP.NET 1.0 tries to run with version 1.1. To fix this, you can switch all of the extension mappings back to the 1.0 version of aspnet_isapi.dll, but with 18 extension mappings it is not a lot of fun to do this by hand. This is where the ASP.NET Version Switcher becomes useful. This small utility can be used to switch the version of the .NET Framework that any single ASP.NET application is using.

Figure 9 shows the ASP.NET Version Switcher in action. Using it is as simple as selecting the application and then selecting the version of the .NET Framework that you would like the application to use. The tool then uses the aspnet_regiis.exe command-line tool to switch the application to the selected version of the Framework. This tool will become even more useful as future versions of ASP.NET and the .NET Framework are released.

ASP.NET Version Switcher was written by Denis Bauer and is available for download from http://www.denisbauer.com/NETTools/ASPNETVersionSwitcher.aspx.

The Visual Studio .NET Project Converter (see Figure 10) is very similar to the ASP.NET Version Switcher, except that it is used to switch the version of a Visual Studio project file. Even though there is only a small difference between versions 1.0 and 1.1 of the .NET Framework, once a project file from Visual Studio .NET 2002 is converted to Visual Studio .NET 2003, it cannot be converted back. While this might not be an issue most of the time (since there are few breaking changes between the .NET Framework versions 1.0 and 1.1), at some point you may need to switch a project back. This converter can convert any solution or project file from Visual Studio 7.1 (Visual Studio .NET 2003) to Visual Studio 7.0 (Visual Studio .NET 2002), and back if necessary.

The Visual Studio .NET Project Converter was written by Dacris Software. It is available for download from http://www.codeproject.com/macro/vsconvert.asp.

Conclusion

This has been a bit of a whirlwind tour of these tools, but I have tried to present you with at least enough information to whet your appetite. I trust that this article has provided you with some insight into a couple of free tools that you can start using right away to write better projects. I also urge you to make sure you have all the other right tools available to you, whether it is newest version of Visual Studio, a powerful computer, or a free utility. Having the right tools can make all the difference.

James Avery is a consultant working with .NET and other Microsoft technologies. He has written a number of books and articles, his most recent book being ASP.NET Setup and Configuration Pocket Reference (Microsoft Press, 2003). You can e-mail him at javery@infozerk.com and read his weblog at http://www.dotavery.com/blog.
From the July 2004 issue of MSDN Magazine.
Get it at your local newsstand, or better yet, subscribe. Figure 2 Regulator

Figure 3 Class Generation

Custom Template

public sealed class <%= ClassName %>
{
      private static volatile <%= ClassName %> _instance;
      private <%= ClassName %>() {}
      private static readonly object _syncRoot = new object();

      public static <%= ClassName %> Value
      {
            get
            {
                  if (_instance == null)
                  {
                        lock(_syncRoot)
                        {
                              if (_instance == null)
                              {
                                    _instance = new <%= ClassName %>();
                              }
                        }
                  }
                  return _instance;
            }
      }     
}

SingletonClass

public sealed class SingletonClass
{
      private static volatile SingletonClass _instance;
      private SingletonClass() {}
      private static readonly object _syncRoot = new object();

      public static SingletonClass Value
      {
            get
            {
                  if (_instance == null)
                  {
                        lock(_syncRoot)
                        {
                              if (_instance == null)
                              {
                                    _instance = new SingletonClass();
                              }
                        }
                  }
                  return _instance;
            }
      }     
}

Figure 4 CodeSmith Template

Figure 6 Errors and Warning Found by FxCop

Figure 8 NAnt Build File

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<project name="NUnit Example" default="build" basedir=".">
    <description>The NUnit Example Project</description>
    <property name="debug" value="true"/>
    <target name="build" description="compiles the source code">
        <csc target="library" output=".\bin\debug\NUnitExample.dll"
                debug="${debug}">
            <references>
                <includes name="C:\program files\NUnit
             V2.1\bin\NUnit.Framework.dll" />
            </references>
            <sources>
                <includes name="HashtableTest.cs"/>
            </sources>
        </csc>
    </target>
</project>

在java中处理带分隔符数据的方式是，提供了一个系统类java.util.StringTokenizer来进行处理。例如 StringTokenizer(String  content,String  delim)将在字符串content的基础上创建一个StringTokenizer对象，并用delim来作为新的分隔符，如果省略delim,则以系统缺省的分隔符来作为原来各分隔符的替代。

实际上还有第三个参数，true/false，如果为true则返回值还包含分隔符本身。可以加以省略。

关于Token的另一些方法，如public  String  nextToken(),  public  bolean  hasMoreTokens(),  public  int  countTokens()等，请参考有关java书籍手册。

这次将代码写入了bean中（在Utility.java中），代码如下：

********************************************************************************

package  mydb;

import  java.io.*;
import  java.util.*;

public  class  Utility{

//去掉奇怪的：
public  String  RemoveComment(String  Content){
String  makeContent=new  String();
StringTokenizer  strToken=new  StringTokenizer(Content,"\n");
String  tempToken=null;

while(strToken.hasMoreTokens()){
tempToken=strToken.nextToken();
if(tempToken.indexOf(":")!=0)              //这句我想来想去，就是标记如果不等于：则跟在 makeContent后面，否则不跟，实质是去掉了
makeContent=makeContent+tempToken+"\n";
}

return  makeContent;
}

//将/n转换成为回车<br>
public  String  addBr(String  Content){
String  makeContent=new  String();
StringTokenizer  strToken=new  StringTokenizer(Content,"\n");
while(strToken.hasMoreTokens()){
makeContent=makeContent+"<br>"+strToken.nextToken();
}
return  makeContent;
}
}

 

Java 语言的Calendar(日历),Date(日期), 和DateFormat(日期格式)组成了Java标准的一个基本但是非常重要的部分. 日期是商业逻辑计算一个关键的部分. 所有的开发者都应该能够计算未来的日期, 定制日期的显示格式, 并将文本数据解析成日期对象. 我们写了两篇文章, 这是第一篇, 我们将大概的学习日期, 日期格式, 日期的解析和日期的计算.

我们将讨论下面的类:

1、具体类(和抽象类相对)java.util.Date
2、抽象类java.text.DateFormat 和它的一个具体子类,java.text.SimpleDateFormat
3、抽象类java.util.Calendar 和它的一个具体子类,java.util.GregorianCalendar

具体类可以被实例化, 但是抽象类却不能. 你首先必须实现抽象类的一个具体子类.

Date 类从Java 开发包(JDK) 1.0 就开始进化, 当时它只包含了几个取得或者设置一个日期数据的各个部分的方法, 比如说月, 日, 和年. 这些方法现在遭到了批评并且已经被转移到了Calendar类里去了, 我们将在本文中进一步讨论它. 这种改进旨在更好的处理日期数据的国际化格式. 就象在JDK 1.1中一样, Date 类实际上只是一个包裹类, 它包含的是一个长整型数据, 表示的是从GMT(格林尼治标准时间)1970年, 1 月 1日00:00:00这一刻之前或者是之后经历的毫秒数.

一、创建一个日期对象

让我们看一个使用系统的当前日期和时间创建一个日期对象并返回一个长整数的简单例子. 这个时间通常被称为Java 虚拟机(JVM)主机环境的系统时间.
import java.util.Date;

public class DateExample1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Get the system date/time
Date date = new Date();

System.out.println(date.getTime());
}
}

在星期六, 2001年9月29日, 下午大约是6:50的样子, 上面的例子在系统输出设备上显示的结果是 1001803809710. 在这个例子中,值得注意的是我们使用了Date 构造函数创建一个日期对象, 这个构造函数没有接受任何参数. 而这个构造函数在内部使用了System.currentTimeMillis() 方法来从系统获取日期.

那么, 现在我们已经知道了如何获取从1970年1月1日开始经历的毫秒数了. 我们如何才能以一种用户明白的格式来显示这个日期呢? 在这里类java.text.SimpleDateFormat 和它的抽象基类 java.text.DateFormat 就派得上用场了.

二、日期数据的定制格式

假如我们希望定制日期数据的格式, 比方星期六-9月-29日-2001年. 下面的例子展示了如何完成这个工作:
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class DateExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

SimpleDateFormat bartDateFormat =
new SimpleDateFormat("EEEE-MMMM-dd-yyyy");

Date date = new Date();

System.out.println(bartDateFormat.format(date));
}
}

只要通过向SimpleDateFormat 的构造函数传递格式字符串"EEE-MMMM-dd-yyyy", 我们就能够指明自己想要的格式. 你应该可以看见, 格式字符串中的ASCII 字符告诉格式化函数下面显示日期数据的哪一个部分. EEEE是星期, MMMM是月, dd是日, yyyy是年. 字符的个数决定了日期是如何格式化的.传递"EE-MM-dd-yy"会显示 Sat-09-29-01. 请察看Sun 公司的Web 站点获取日期格式化选项的完整的指示.

三、将文本数据解析成日期对象

假设我们有一个文本字符串包含了一个格式化了的日期对象, 而我们希望解析这个字符串并从文本日期数据创建一个日期对象. 我们将再次以格式化字符串"MM-dd-yyyy" 调用SimpleDateFormat类, 但是这一次, 我们使用格式化解析而不是生成一个文本日期数据. 我们的例子, 显示在下面, 将解析文本字符串"9-29-2001"并创建一个值为001736000000 的日期对象.

例子程序:
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class DateExample3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a date formatter that can parse dates of
// the form MM-dd-yyyy.
SimpleDateFormat bartDateFormat =
new SimpleDateFormat("MM-dd-yyyy");

// Create a string containing a text date to be parsed.
String dateStringToParse = "9-29-2001";

try {
// Parse the text version of the date.
// We have to perform the parse method in a
// try-catch construct in case dateStringToParse
// does not contain a date in the format we are expecting.
Date date = bartDateFormat.parse(dateStringToParse);

// Now send the parsed date as a long value
// to the system output.
System.out.println(date.getTime());
}
catch (Exception ex) {
System.out.println(ex.getMessage());
}
}
}

五、使用标准的日期格式化过程

既然我们已经可以生成和解析定制的日期格式了, 让我们来看一看如何使用内建的格式化过程. 方法 DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance() 让我们得以用几种不同的方法获得标准的日期格式化过程. 在下面的例子中, 我们获取了四个内建的日期格式化过程. 它们包括一个短的, 中等的, 长的, 和完整的日期格式.
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class DateExample4 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Date date = new Date();

DateFormat shortDateFormat =
DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(
DateFormat.SHORT,
DateFormat.SHORT);

DateFormat mediumDateFormat =
DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(
DateFormat.MEDIUM,
DateFormat.MEDIUM);

DateFormat longDateFormat =
DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(
DateFormat.LONG,
DateFormat.LONG);

DateFormat fullDateFormat =
DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(
DateFormat.FULL,
DateFormat.FULL);

System.out.println(shortDateFormat.format(date));
System.out.println(mediumDateFormat.format(date));
System.out.println(longDateFormat.format(date));
System.out.println(fullDateFormat.format(date));
}
}

注意我们在对 getDateTimeInstance的每次调用中都传递了两个值. 第一个参数是日期风格, 而第二个参数是时间风格. 它们都是基本数据类型int(整型). 考虑到可读性, 我们使用了DateFormat 类提供的常量: SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG, 和 FULL. 要知道获取时间和日期格式化过程的更多的方法和选项, 请看Sun 公司Web 站点上的解释.

运行我们的例子程序的时候, 它将向标准输出设备输出下面的内容:
9/29/01 8:44 PM
Sep 29, 2001 8:44:45 PM
September 29, 2001 8:44:45 PM EDT
Saturday, September 29, 2001 8:44:45 PM EDT

六、Calendar 类

我们现在已经能够格式化并创建一个日期对象了, 但是我们如何才能设置和获取日期数据的特定部分呢, 比如说小时, 日, 或者分钟? 我们又如何在日期的这些部分加上或者减去值呢? 答案是使用Calendar 类. 就如我们前面提到的那样, Calendar 类中的方法替代了Date 类中被人唾骂的方法.

假设你想要设置, 获取, 和操纵一个日期对象的各个部分, 比方一个月的一天或者是一个星期的一天. 为了演示这个过程, 我们将使用具体的子类 java.util.GregorianCalendar. 考虑下面的例子, 它计算得到下面的第十个星期五是13号.
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
import java.util.Date;
import java.text.DateFormat;

public class DateExample5 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
DateFormat dateFormat =
DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.FULL);

// Create our Gregorian Calendar.
GregorianCalendar cal = new GregorianCalendar();

// Set the date and time of our calendar
// to the system&s date and time
cal.setTime(new Date());

System.out.println("System Date: " +
dateFormat.format(cal.getTime()));

// Set the day of week to FRIDAY
cal.set(GregorianCalendar.DAY_OF_WEEK,
GregorianCalendar.FRIDAY);
System.out.println("After Setting Day of Week to Friday: " +
dateFormat.format(cal.getTime()));

int friday13Counter = 0;
while (friday13Counter <= 10) {

// Go to the next Friday by adding 7 days.
cal.add(GregorianCalendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 7);

// If the day of month is 13 we have
// another Friday the 13th.
if (cal.get(GregorianCalendar.DAY_OF_MONTH) == 13) {
friday13Counter++;
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(cal.getTime()));
}
}
}
}

在这个例子中我们作了有趣的函数调用:
cal.set(GregorianCalendar.DAY_OF_WEEK,
GregorianCalendar.FRIDAY);

和:
cal.add(GregorianCalendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 7);

set 方法能够让我们通过简单的设置星期中的哪一天这个域来将我们的时间调整为星期五. 注意到这里我们使用了常量 DAY_OF_WEEK 和 FRIDAY来增强代码的可读性. add 方法让我们能够在日期上加上数值. 润年的所有复杂的计算都由这个方法自动处理.

我们这个例子的输出结果是:
System Date: Saturday, September 29, 2001
当我们将它设置成星期五以后就成了: Friday, September 28, 2001
Friday, September 13, 2002
Friday, December 13, 2002
Friday, June 13, 2003
Friday, February 13, 2004
Friday, August 13, 2004
Friday, May 13, 2005
Friday, January 13, 2006
Friday, October 13, 2006
Friday, April 13, 2007
Friday, July 13, 2007
Friday, June 13, 2008

七、时间掌握在你的手里

有了这些Date 和Calendar 类的例子, 你应该能够使用 java.util.Date, java.text.SimpleDateFormat, 和 java.util.GregorianCalendar 创建许多方法了.

在下面的文章中, 我们将讨论更高级的Date 和 Calendar 类的使用技巧, 包括时区和国际化的格式. 我们还会考察两个日期类 java.sql.Date 和 java.util.Date 之间的区别.